Calligraphers Of The Three Jin Dynasties｜fu Shan’s Calligraphy Has Profound Meaning (Jie Ziping)

Fu Shan's people

After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Fu Shan dressed in red and lived in Shan Temple. He changed his name to Taoist Zhu Yi and engaged in secret activities against the Qing Dynasty and the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. During the Kangxi period, the Qing court opened the Bo Xue Hong Ci Department. Someone recommended Fu Shan. Fu Shan refused at first because he was ill, and then he was forcibly carried to Beijing. When he was thirty miles away from Beijing, Fu resisted to the death and vowed not to enter the city. After being tied up and carried to Yuanjue Temple in the city, he stayed in bed all day on the pretext of being tired from the journey and complained of illness before the examination. The great scholar Feng Pu first passed by, and when the official arrived, he was lying in bed in the mountains without any welcome gifts. He forced him to enter and forced others to enter. When he saw the Qing Gate, he shed tears and threw himself on the ground. Wei Xiangshu came forward and said: Stop, stop, thank you now! When Yiri returned, Pu and the following people left the city to see him off. Shan sighed and said: From now on, he will be relieved and not tired! Then he said: So that future generations may presume that Xu Heng and Liu Yin have been virtuous to me, and they will die with their eyes open! Those who heard it were speechless. Despite this, he was still appointed secretary of the cabinet because of his high expectations. The door is locked for people to come in and out, and the hole for dogs to crawl out is open. Fu Shan threw himself on the ground, but stood in front of the locked door, "Since the mountain cannot be leveled, I will add a peak to the mountain." From then on, he lived a life of poverty, hardship, and suffering.

After all, there are not many bloody men like Fu Shan who closely relate personal honor and disgrace to the fate of the country, regard the hatred of the country as a family feud, and fearlessly face the supreme ruler. Therefore, later generations highly praised him and called him "words are not as good as poetry". "Poetry is not as good as painting, painting is not as good as medicine, and medicine is not as good as people." Ordinary people would burst into tears when faced with the mighty emperor's kindness, even if they were only a little bit stained. They would be willing to devote themselves to it and die for it. Its sensitivity is like a drop of autumn water hitting your face, which can shrink the sweat pores all over your body and make you tremble. Imperial rule was successful in this regard. In the early Qing Dynasty, the monk Daobi who had been summoned by Emperor Shunzhi reported that the current emperor mentioned Jin Shengtan in a conversation and said that his comments on "The West Chamber" and "Water Margin" were "all based on reverie, which is too unreasonable." Those who are talented but secluded." After these words came out, Jin was shocked and couldn't help but shed tears. He kowtowed to the north and wrote the poem "Who doesn't have a good work under the window? How many people have commented on it with imperial pens". A rumor, only from the "Holy One", can actually make the heart of a suave and talented man who has always been "conceited and blind to others", who is also good at criticizing and unscrupulous, and shouts "Long Live the Mountain". During Kangxi's second southern tour, he stationed in Yangzhou and summoned local sages at Pingshan Hall. Shi Tao (monk Yuanji), a remnant of the Ming Dynasty clan, was also in the pick-up team. When Kangxi called out Shi Tao's name in public, he was flattered, and his heart was moved. He wrote two poems in seven rhymes, "Gu Guangling Pingshan Road to Meet and Greet His Guests" to record his excitement. Among them, "The dragon's head and tail are shining with thousands of flames, and the clouds are embracing auspicious clouds." Sentences such as "The edge of the sky" are nauseating to read. "If you speak of a great person, you should despise him and do not regard him as majestic." The holy teaching is still there, even if the wind blows in a horse's ears. Later, Shi Tao carefully painted a picture of "Haiyan River Qingtu" praising the Qing Dynasty's unification of the country and the people's peace, and it was inscribed with "Chen Monk Yuan Ji Jiu Dunshou". Immediately afterwards, he went north to the capital, made friends with the princes and nobles, and got close to the clan member Bordu. "I wanted to ask the royal family about their appreciation, so that I could learn about the treasures and paintings." However, his loose personality and rebellious painting style were not suitable for the royal taste. At this time, Kangxi was obsessed with Dong Qichang's artistic world, so Shi Tao "wasn't lucky enough to enter." Yuan Mei once ridiculed in his "Suiyuan Shihua" that when Kangxi started to recruit scholars, Han literati flocked to it - "A group of barbarians came together to Shouyang".

Wealth cannot be lascivious, so it depends on what kind of wealth it is. Power cannot be surrendered, but it also depends on what kind of power it is. Men can change their surnames, women can remarry, plays can be rewritten, titles can be changed, civilizations can even be switched, dynasties can come and go, history can be fabricated, and policies can be changed, but there are always some essential and core things that cannot be arbitrary. What is constantly changing and changing is the human spirit, soul, conscience, and ethics. What Mencius called "the so-called true man" probably refers to people like Fu Shan who behave in an upright manner, have great integrity, have a pure character, and have a strong moral character.

Wufeng Mountain Cursive Script Monument

Fu Shan's Wufeng Mountain cursive script stele is graceful and powerful, full of unity, bold and uninhibited, off the beaten track, vast, without clues, coherent and majestic. When writing, the works are intertwined and scattered, forming repeated and overlapping circle lines, which are continuous and continuous, like ancient trees and vines, dragons and tigers leaping, snakes and grass crouching, all written in one stroke. Reading it makes people not only not feel complicated, but also feel comfortable and light. Natural and smooth. His brush strokes are round, vigorous and continuous, his lifting and pressing are precise and light, his movements are vertical and horizontal, his movements are rough and tumbling, and he seems to be arrogant and arrogant. This work is an example of the art of cursive writing.

Wufeng Mountain, sixty miles away from Shouyang County, is named after its mountain, surrounded by five peaks, shaped like a lotus. Longquan Temple is located in the center of Wufeng Mountain. It was built during the Tang and Song Dynasties. After successive renovations, it reached its current size during the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty. It was named Longchi Temple because of the natural spring in the temple, and was later changed to Longquan Temple. Wufeng Mountain is famous because Fu Shan became a monk here and became a Taoist.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, after Li Zicheng launched his army, Fu Shan was saddened by the broken mountains and rivers, and often had great ambitions to restore the country. Until the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Fu Shan had been committed to saving the Ming Dynasty from danger. When Qing troops entered the Pass, Fu Shan began long-term and secret anti-Qing activities. In the eighth month of the Jiashen year of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the Qing troops entered the Shanxi Pass shortly after they entered the pass. Fu Shan quickly changed from opposing the peasant uprising to opposing the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing army captured Taiyuan, Fu Shan and his mother took refuge in the mountains of Yuxian County, Shouyang. In order to maintain his integrity, avoid the humiliation of shaving his hair, and to facilitate his anti-Qing activities, Fu Shan went to Longquan Temple in Wufeng Mountain to worship Guo Jingzhong, a real person who returned to Yang, as his disciple, and became a Taoist priest. .

In that year, Fu Shan wrote three poems: "In August of Jiashen, I visited the Taoist master Wufeng Mountain in Longchi, but when I didn't meet him, the Taoist priest signed the pseudo-sign in Ma's head and returned to the original rhyme", a total of three poems. The poem says that he went to visit Guo Huanyang, and it happened that Guo was a guest at the local government of Li Zicheng's peasant army, and he couldn't help but admire the close relationship between the Taoist master and the peasant army. The poem laments that Guo Huanyang deserves to be called a "great hermit" living in the dust of the city. He does not care about the so-called "purity" of the world, and does not deliberately imitate Guan Ning's so-called "morality" of avoiding Liaodong, but adopts the trend of the times. The attitude of "the earth is free and the sky is boundless".

In the winter of this year, Fu Shan once again went to Longquan Temple in Wufeng Mountain to visit Guo Huanyang, and the two talked all night long. The poem "The Taoist Master Stayed at Night to Talk at Five Peaks in the Snow" records the meeting: "If the mountain spirit summons you, it is appropriate to come from Chang'an. Red and green are invisible, and jade moss grows on cold mountains. Wang Nijing asked four questions, and Bao Zhao Lost many talents. Discussing in the quiet night, it is sad to have a healthy body." From the allusions in the poem such as "Wang Ni asked four questions" and "Bao Zhaoduocai", we can see that Fu Shan raised various questions about the sudden changes in the social situation at that time, and Guo Huanyang believed that heaven and earth were irreversible and man was irreversible, so he advised him to learn from Bao Zhao and adapt to the changes of the times, keeping a low profile and biding his time.

From then on, Fu Shan wore Zhu Yi and called himself Taoist Zhu Yi, Dan Ya Weng, Song Qiao, Qiao Huang Lao Lao, etc., all of which reflected the memory of Zhu Ming and the sorrow of the loss of his country and his family. He also used his medical practice as a cover to travel around and carry out secret anti-Qing activities.

Fu Shan lived in Longquan Temple in Wufeng Mountain for five years. During this period, he often wrote and painted for the people, practiced medicine, and was deeply loved by the local people. After his master passed away, he left the temple and traveled around the world. There are many Fu Shan's handwritings preserved in Longquan Temple in Wufeng Mountain, and the Wufeng Mountain cursive script stele is one of them.

The origin of the Wufeng Mountain Cursive Script Monument: Fu Shan fell down from his donkey in Jinghan Mountain and had to live in Hao Dexin's home. Hao Dexin, whose courtesy name is Jiufu and nickname is Chapan, was born in Shihe Village, Shouyang County . He was a student of the Ming Dynasty and a guest of honor (son-in-law, also known as Junma) of the Jin Dynasty. So Hao Jiufu took the silk ribbon and asked Fu Shan to write it. Fu Shan composed a poem discussing the art of cursive writing and wrote it in cursive on a piece of silk. Later, Liu Fei obtained Fu Shan's cursive handwriting and laid a stone on it at Longquan Temple in Wufeng Mountain. The stele says: "The original Luo duck is clumsy, and the waist is falling again and the donkey hurts. It is not called Zhongshu Guan, just like Yong Fu pounding. A painting of water, light and wealth, dazzling eyes and double eyes. The intermittent group structure, the twigs Ainason. After a busy meal with three cups, I haven't healed myself for a while. Looking back at the Mercedes-Benz beast, spinning the bamboo and wood dragon. Because I have a pity for the scab, I can use bitter vegetables as a servant. If it is a magical town, it will eliminate ghosts and monsters. "

The poem begins by talking about the need for innovative calligraphy techniques, then talks about the need for graceful and moving lines in cursive writing, and then emphasizes that cursive writing is by no means random scribbling. Fu Shan wished he could turn his calligraphy into a "talisman" of justice to suppress evil "ghosts". The writing is like the person, which is complementary to his famous calligraphy theory of "Better clumsy than skillful, ugly than flattering, detached rather than slippery, truthful and forthright rather than arranged" , and is also similar to his conduct as a person.

Medicinal calligraphy has a long lasting charm

Hanging a pot to provide medical diagnosis and save lives and heal the wounded is the best good deed in the world. Therefore, there are beautiful stories about Dong Feng Xinglin and Su Xian Jujing. In addition to acupuncture and scraping, prescribing prescriptions, prescribing medicines , pills, ointments, or elixirs and suppositories are naturally indispensable.

The Han Dynasty's "Wuwei Medicine Slips" written on wooden slips is the earliest physical prescription found so far. There are 92 wooden slips in total, which were unearthed from Hantanpo Han Tomb in Wuwei in 1972. Its contents include medical and surgical therapies, drugs and their preparation, dosage forms, medication methods, acupuncture points, acupuncture contraindications, etc. His calligraphy is an authentic Han Dynasty script, with light and heavy emphasis shifted to the left, and the straightforward meaning is almost like Zhang Cao, like seal script or grass, with both form and spirit. The best part lies in the casual switching between the center and the flanks, and the drag pen that cuts through the silence at the end, which is full of tension, elegant and simple, urgent but neat . It is practical for the people, popular at the moment, simple and quick, and adapts to local conditions. It is very different from the works of scholar-bureaucrats and temples, and is different from the habits of educated people in their study rooms . In addition to being serious and meticulous, people see another ecology of calligraphy, just like elegance and elegance. Zhugong Tiao, craftsmen outside the Yuan Ti sect painted, the miscellaneous army was still an army, and the wild fox Zen was still Zen. The medicine slips were written in cursive, and later generations of Chinese medicine practitioners followed this approach when prescribing prescriptions, and the style became a professional calligraphy style.

The Longmen prescriptions were carved into the wall on both sides of the prescription cave door between Longmen Fengxian Temple and Guyang Cave. There are more than 140 prescriptions in total, engraved in the early Tang Dynasty, including prescriptions for treating malaria, treating asthma, treating nausea, and treating thirst. Prescriptions for treating gold sores, prescriptions for treating qi, saliva, pus and blood, etc. Giving prescriptions to the public, practicing fasting to show sympathy, the intention is to accumulate virtue, do good deeds, and give alms to the general public. The intention is to open it in Buddhist holy places and show it on the pilgrimage route, with the intention of spreading it throughout the world and announcing it widely. The Wei shape of his characters has passed away, but the Wei style remains. The Tang regular script has not yet bloomed, and it is just like the Tang style. When it is folded, it is rounded, and the iron strokes are rubbed. The calligraphy style of an era is both at court and in the wild, far and near. can reflect it. The Longmen prescriptions and Dunhuang scrolls, as well as the Tang Dynasty messages inscribed on the pillars of the Great Foguang Temple, are another system besides Ou Yu, Chu Xue and Zhong Lu Yanliu. The roles played by ordinary people in an era are so trivial that they are not worth mentioning. , but who can escape the scope limitations of collective unconsciousness.

After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Fu Shan, who destroyed his family to provide relief and was incompetent, pawned his family property to raise funds to rebel against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty during the Jiashen and Yiyou years. After that, he was homeless and living in different places. In order to make ends meet and get food and shelter, he once practiced medicine as a career. He was especially good at gynecology, and his medical manuscripts were compiled and compiled by later generations into "Fu Qingzhu Women's Medicine". He also opened a medicine shop in Taiyuan City. In addition to his superb medical skills and his excellent medical skills, his medical ethics were even talked about by people at the time. Dai Mengxiong's "The Biography of Fu Zhengjun" said that he "lived in a distant village, only used medical skills to treat people, and his house was always full of people asking for prescriptions. He looked at the rich and the poor, and never looked tired." The folk comment that " writing is inferior to poetry, poetry is inferior to painting, painting is inferior to medicine, and medicine is inferior to people" may seem like an incorrect choice, but it fully demonstrates the profound influence of his medical skills and personality. Some of his prescriptions remain in the existing calligraphy albums. At the same time, the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau also treasures a manuscript of Fu Shan's "poster" when he was practicing medicine: "Fu Shi, a Confucian doctor from Xicun, is good at treating miscellaneous diseases of men and women, as well as external and internal injuries; he specializes in eye diseases, head wind, and can relieve heartache and cold coughs. ; Remove the deep and solid deposits, break the stagnant blood stasis that has been closed for a long time. Infertile people will also have fetuses, and those who have difficulty in giving birth are prone to childbirth. It will suddenly relieve the troubles and permanently eliminate the troubles; nourish the vitality, prolong life and prolong the life. All kinds of internal sores will be removed, especially Director Foolish. Don't make empty words, but see practical results, and people will be safe and sound for thirty years. This is the so-called first benefit of being disease-free. Anyone who wants to diagnose the pulse and regulate it, ask to the east of Yuantongguan Pavilion, Blacksmith Lane, South Gate of the Province." It's really wonderful. It is complex, the words are brilliant, but it is simple and easy to understand, and the old woman can understand it. I read it with admiration again and again, and my heart is deeply broken. The combination of boasting about his abilities and exaggerating his words makes people doubt that it was really written by Fu Qingzhu, a humble, prudent and unsophisticated master of his generation and a role model for all. Forced by life, it is a helpless move. But advertising is advertising, and there is beauty in the claims, and there is bragging in the self-recommendations, which is the same in ancient and modern times. Practicing medicine is not only his means of livelihood, but also a cover for him to connect with various places. His "The Complete Works of Frost Red Niche Boring Miscellaneous Poems" describes the hardships of this kind of life: "The neighbors in the west are white, and the houses in the east are fed with yellow pears. The beggars have enough money before their eyes. , the doctor has no elbow behind."

Because the prescriber is a folk doctor and a good doctor passed down from generation to generation, the prescription needs to be practical, easy to recognize, and available immediately, so the prescriptions are often formed haphazardly and unconsciously. The fonts are smooth and flowing, without the application of makeup and powder. They are in a rough posture and original appearance, but they retain the common state of the era when the handwriting was produced to the greatest extent. For calligraphers like Fu Shan, only a few words and a few Claws will become people's collections. Calligraphers' anecdotes and even self-examination during the "Cultural Revolution" are valued by the world. However, after entering the Qing Dynasty, Kaotai Hospital also began to use the eight-legged test paper and the clumsiness of regular script to get the results. People at the time said: "The Taiyuan Hospital prescribes prescriptions. As long as the handwriting is good, it doesn't matter if the medicine is not right." However, among the large number of medical documents leftover from the Qing Dynasty, it is difficult for later generations to find works that can be called calligraphy. Without arbitrariness and resignation, medicine can only be a prescription, not calligraphy. But there are also those who use medicinal prescriptions as a basis for calligraphy in a unique way. Kuang Zhouyi, a member of the Guangxu family, once recorded a story in his "Essays on Dining at Yinglang": Suzhou Jianggenting was a craftsman of seal script, and also learned the art of Yue people. Every time someone treats a disease, the prescription is often written in seal characters. People in the medicine shop often make mistakes because they don't understand the prescription. The teacher was very angry and said: "Since he opens a medicine shop, how can he not know the seal script and official script?" He is so ignorant. Wu Zhihui, who was good at writing seal script and knowledgeable about medical science, once wrote a prescription for his old wife in small seal script. The pharmacy clerk didn't understand it, so he said angrily: "I don't even know this, what will happen if I write stone drum inscriptions?" This was a popular saying during the Republic of China. A wide joke. Zhang Taiyan, another master of seal script during the Republic of China, also liked to write notes on prescriptions in seal script. Once, he sent a servant to buy meat for soup. He ran all over the city of Suzhou with a note and returned empty-handed. He reported back, "Everyone says there is nothing you wrote." It turns out that the word "肉" in seal script is the character "月" in regular script. . Pan Tianshou's father-in-law, He Gongdan, was a famous doctor in Hangzhou who was born in the county magistrate. He was also good at calligraphy. At that time, any prescription with his signature could be sold for one yuan, so Mr. He usually wrote it in pencil.

Nowadays, these complete prescriptions, which diseases are treated and which diseases are treated, are separated by as many as two thousand years and as little as three hundred years, but they can still be corresponding and can be seen through examination, and they can still cure diseases and maintain life. But whether it is the maturity of ancient medicine or the hesitation of modern people, medical historians are fascinated by the rich implications. It seems that only the style of calligraphy has changed, from Wei Kai to Zhen Kai, and from Zhang Cao to Xing Cao. People in ancient times had the same disease as people today, but when people in ancient times got sick, they felt at ease and contented themselves with the long course of treatment, stayed out of trouble on the bed and sickbed, and decoctioned medicine one by one, and their pulses came and went. The disease was treated as soon as it was diagnosed, and the effect was immediate. However, the conditioning and nourishment took too long, so if there was a slight discomfort , I gave an injection and infusion. After laboratory examination, it seemed that the disease was approaching, and there was not much time left. Although people in ancient times and people today share the same disease, they are no longer the same.

He who treats diseases and heals people is a good doctor, and a good doctor must have good prescriptions. A good remedy in the sense of calligraphy is not a good way for people to recover and regain their physical and mental health. (This article is provided by Huai Bing) PICS